Om Prakash Valmikis Jhootan free essay sample

An Untouchable’s Narrative of An Untouchables Life The name ‘Untouchable’ always brings to our mind Mulk Raj Anand’s book. But Omprakash Valmiki’s  Joothan  is written from the personal experiences of dalit who rises to prominence from his marginalized presence. Omprakash Valmiki’s voice is today recognized as an empowered voice of a writer who   works   on behalf of Dalits. Himself born in a desperately poor family in North India, the lowest caste in Indian society, a community of the illiteratre Untouchables , he describes from his personal experiences the torments of the Dalits who even have no right to fight for education or food. He describes how these people are subject to an institutionalized slavery. The highest purpose of Dalit writing is not beauty of craft, but authenticity of experience. Omprakash gives us an anatomy of oppression. Most significantly, though, Valmikis story is a voice from the half of India that has been voiceless for countless generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Om Prakash Valmikis Jhootan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Valmiki and a few others like him have breached an opening for our understanding and knowledge about a people so marginalized that they disappeared from the worlds awareness, their cultures, lifestyles, folk knowledge, and aspirations represented nowhere in mainstream or scholarly sources. Joothan  by by Omprakash Valmiki is   one such work of Dalit literature, first published in Hindi in 1997 and translated into English by Arun Prabha Mukherjee in 2003. Arun Prabha Mukherjee, a professor of English at York University in Canada b did a great job by making the work available to a wider audience, She has   illuminated the book with her thoughtful and insightful foreword. Dalits today constitute about one sixth of Indias population. Spread over the entire country, speaking many languages, and belonging to many religions, they have become a major political force. Jhootan   is a memoir of growing up ‘untouchable’ starting in the 1950s outside a typical village in Uttar Pradesh. Joothan literally means scraps of food left on a plate, destined for the garbage or for the family pet in a middle-class urban home. It is related to the word jootha, which means polluted, and such scraps are characterized as joothan only if someone else eats them. Indias untouchables have been forced to accept and eat joothan for their subsistence for centuries. The word encapsulates the pain, humiliation, and poverty of this community, which has lived at the bottom of Indias social pyramid for millennia. Viramma is an agricultural worker and midwife in Karani, a village near Pondicherry in southeast India. Viramma is a member of the caste called Untouchable. Of her 12 children, only three survive. Virammas storytold over the course of 10 yearsis a vivid portrayal of a proud and expressive woman living at the margins of society. Basically the focus is on untouchability which was abolished in 1949 only in paper. For decades after that, the dalits continued to face discrimination, economic deprivation, violence, and ridicule. Valmiki shares his heroic struggle to survive a preordained life of perpetual physical and mental persecution and his transformation into a speaking subject under the influence of the great Dalit political leader, B. R. Ambedkar. A document of the long-silenced and long-denied sufferings of the Dalits, Joothan is a major contribution to the archives of Dalit history . Told as a series of piercing vignettes,  Joothan  is also a remarkable record of a rare Indian journey, one that took a boy from extremely wretched socioeconomic conditions to prominence. It is a rare glimpse into that other history of India , of marginalized section of people about whom few talks and almost nobody writes. Omprakash Valmiki describes his life as an untouchable, or Dalit, in the newly independent India of the 1950s.. As a document of the long silenced and long denied sufferings of the Dalits,  Joothan  is not only a contribution to the archives of Dalit history, but a manifesto for the revolutionary transformation of society and human consciousness. Valmiki was born into the Chuhra caste (aka Bhangi)   whose ordained job   it was to sweep the roads, clean the cattle barns, get shift off the floor, dispose of dead animals, work the fields   during harvests, and perform other physical labour for upper caste people , including the Tyagi Brahmins who called out not by their names but as ‘ou chuhre’ or ‘abey chuhre’ which reflects disdain and hate. They could touch cows and even stray dogs, but not the Chuhra people who were forced to live outside the village reserved for upper caste people. Untouchable  is Mulk Raj Anands first novel and it brought to him immense popularity and prestige. This novel shows the realistic picture of society. In this novel Anand has portrayed a picture of untouchable who is sweeper boy. This character is the representative of all down trodden society in pre-independence of India. The protagonist of this novel is the figure of suffering because of his caste. With Bakha, the central character, there are other characters who also suffer because of their lower caste. They live in mud-walled cottages huddled colony in which people are scavengers, the leather-workers, the washer men, the barbers, the water-carriers, the grass-cutters and other outcastes. The lower castes people are suffering because they are by birth outcaste. But Mulk Raj Anand had depicted the hypocrisy of the upper caste people that men like Pt. Kali Nath enjoy the touch of the Harijan girls. Mulk Raj Anand exposes all this hypocrisy and double standard or double dealing. In this novel Bakha is a universal figure to show the oppression, injustice, humiliation to the whole community of the outcastes in India. Bakha symbolizes the exploitation and oppression which has been the fate of untouchables like him. His anguish and humiliation are not of his alone, but the suffering of whole outcastes and underdogs. Untouchable  shows the evil of untouchability in Hindu Society The novels emphasis on an individuals attempt to emancipate himself from the age old evil of untouchability. Anand is here, concerned with evils of untouchability and the need for radical empathy. He describes the pathetic conditions of the untouchables through the character Bakha, their immitigable hardships and physical and mental agonies almost with the meticulous skill of historical raconteur. In the words of Marlene Fisher:â€Å"Anands first novel, then, is at one and the same time a fine piece of  creative work in terms of its own artistic integrity and an indication of it authors humanistic commitments and future novelistic directions. But  Jhootan  of Omprakash is a novel of the untouchable , by the untouchable and yet not merely for the untouchable but for everyone’s   reading. Omprakash’s narrative voice in  Jhootan  Ã‚  brims with a quiet sense of outrage at what he had to endure as a human. We can see his memoir as a form of Satyagraha . The book veritably   becomes ‘the axe for the frozen sea inside us. ’ More Indians ought to read  J hootan  Ã‚  and let its sharp edges get to operate   inside them.

Caladonia Products Integrative Problem Essays

Caladonia Products Integrative Problem Essays Caladonia Products Integrative Problem Essay Caladonia Products Integrative Problem Essay Caladonia Products Integrative Problem Tonia Tolliver, Suany Gonzalez, Teresa Powell, Victor Estrada, and Tracy Harriss FIN/370 November 8th, 2010 Joe Brennan Caladonia Products Integrative Problem Every new employee is faced with the challenge of proving him or herself before being trusted to complete a task on his or her own without supervision. The new financial analyst at Caladonia has been employed for two months and has proven to be a wise hiring decision based on the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) view however he is still hesitant to give the assistant any large responsibilities without supervision. The CEO has tasked the assistant with both the calculation of the cash flows associated with a new investment under consideration and the evaluation of several mutually exclusive projects (Keown, Martin, Perry, Scott, 2005). The lack of experience on the assistants part has also lead to the CEO requesting not only that the assistant provide a recommendation but also to respond to a number of questions aimed at judging the assistants understanding of the capital budgeting process (Keown, Martin, Perry, Scott, 2005). Financial Assistants Assignment The financial assistant received the important assignment by memorandum from the CEO. The memorandum stated that the company is considering the introduction of a new product (Keown, Martin, Perry, Scott, 2005). Caradonia is currently at a 34% marginal tax bracket with a 15% required rate of return or cost of capital (Keown, Martin, Perry, Scott, 2005). The new project is estimated to last five years and then be terminated because of being a fad project (Keown, Martin, Perry, Scott, 2005). The financial assistant must analyze two mutually exclusive projects. Each project has an 11% rate of return and a life span of five years (Keown, Martin, Perry, Scott, 2005). The following table (table one) shows the expected cash flows for each project. Table One Estimated Cash Flows of Caldonia Products Project A and Project B Year |Project A |Project B | |0 |-$100,000 |-$100,000 | |1 |$32,000 |0 | |2 |$32,000 |0 | |3 |$32,000 |0 | |4 |$32,000 |0 | |5 |$32,000 |$200,000 | Questions to Answer The financial analyst has been tasked with answering five questions. 1. What is each projects payback period? 2. What is each projects net present value? 3. What is each projects internal rate of return? 4. What has caused the ranking conflict? 5. Which project should be accepted? Why? Answers to Questions Question One – Payback Period Project A. T he payback period for Project A is 3. 125 years. To calculate the payback period for project A, the analyst used the following formula: 3+ (100,000/32,000) = 3. 125 Project B. The payback period for Project B is 4. 5 years. To calculate the payback period for project B, the analyst used the following formula: 4+ (100,000/200,000) = 4. 500 Based on the payback periods, the assistant determined that Project B assumes even cash flow throughout year 5. Question Two – Net Present Value Project A. Each of the cash inflows are discounted back to the present value. The Net Present Value is the sum of the present values. [pic] t The time of the cash flow (5 years) i The discount rate (11%) Rt The net cash flow (-$100,000, $32,000, $32,000, $32,000, $32,000, $32,000) amount of cash, inflow minus outflow) at time t. NPV- Project A | | | | |Year |Cash Flow |PV Factor @ 11% |PV | |0 |($100,000) |1 |($100,000) | |1 |$32,000 |0. 9009 |$28,829 | |2 |$32,000 |0. 8116 |$25,972 | |3 |$32,000 |0. 7312 |$23,398 | |4 |$32,000 |0. 587 |$21,079 | |5 |$32,000 |0. 5935 |$18,990 | |NPV- Project A |$18,268. 70 | | | Project B. Each of the cash inflows are discoun ted back to the present value. The Net Present Value is the sum of the present values. [pic] t The time of the cash flow (5 years) i The discount rate (11%) Rt The net cash flow (-$100,000, $0, $0, $0, $0, $200,000) amount of cash, inflow minus outflow) at time t. NPV- Project B | | | | |Year |Cash Flow |PV Factor @ 11% |PV | |0 |($100,000) |1 |($100,000) | |1 |$0 |0. 9009 |$0 | |2 |$0 |0. 8116 |$0 | |3 |$0 |0. 312 |$0 | |4 |$0 |0. 6587 |$0 | |5 |$200,000 |0. 5935 |$118,690 | |NPV- Project B |$18,690. 27 | | | Question Three – Internal Rate of Return The internal rate of return measures and compares the profitability of investments. The formula for IRR is IRR = n ? FCFt = 10 t=1 (1+IRR)^t |Year |Project A |Project B | |0 ($100,000) |($100,000) | |1 |$32,000 |$0 | |2 |$32,000 |$0 | |3 |$32,000 |$0 | |4 |$32,000 |$0 | |5 |$32,000 |$200,000 | | | | | |IRR |18. 03% |14. 7% | Question Four – Cause of the Ranking Conflict The causes of the ranking conflict are the differi ng reinvestment assumptions made by Net Present Value and the Internal Rate of return. Net Present Value criteria assumes that cash flows over the life of the project can be reinvested at the required rate of return or cost of capital, whereas the Internal Rate of Return criterion implicitly assumes that the cash flows over the life of the project can be reinvested at the internal rate of return. Question Five – Which project should be accepted and why? Multiple factors should be considered before choosing which product that should be accepted. Those factors are the internal rate of return (IRR) and the net present value (NPV). Looking at Project B, it is possible to conclude that it is the more viable project because the internal rate of return is shorter. Though the net values shown between the two are very close monetarily, Project B can produce its value at a much shorter time span, meaning a business would be able to reap the benefits from Project B faster than if they went with Project A. The time difference is about a year and a half with a return rate of about three percent difference in the two projects. If Project A was chosen, it would take about twice as long to see the financial benefits than that of Project B. With this being the case, Project B is the better choice because of its larger NPV that is preferable when a business wants to see more timely capital gains. Factors of Consideration for Leasing and Buying Caladonia should consider several factors when deciding whether to lease or to buy. One important factor in the decision should be the net advantages of leasing (NAL). Advantages to leasing an asset can occur even if the net present value (NPV) for the purchase is negative ((Keown, Martin, Perry, Scott, 2005). The cost savings a company may experience on a lease may offset the negative NPV of a purchase (Keown, Martin, Perry, Scott, 2005). To determine the NAL, Caladonia will calculate the net present value of the lease option and compare it to the NPV of purchasing the product. Based on this calculation, if the NAL is positive, the leasing option would be preferred, if the NAL is negative then the purchase option should be selected. In addition to NAL, Caladonia should consider options such as the possibility of selling the equipment at the end of the project and receiving cash that would not be available if the company chooses to lease the merchandise. Another factor to consider is if the company has the cash to purchase the item, and operating expenses that may exist in purchasing that would not be the if the item were leased. Conclusion The new financial assistant at Caladonia has been challenged to determine which of two mutually exclusive projects would be the best decision for the company. Both projects estimate a rate of return of 11% and an initial investment of $100,000. Through the assistants analysis of each projects payback period, net present value, internal rate of return the determination has been made to accept project B and reject project A. Project B has the largest Net Present Value. The Net Present Value makes the most acceptable assumptions for the wealth- maximizing of the firm. References Keown, A. J. , Martin, J. D. , Petty, J. W. , Scott, S. F. (2005). Financial management: Principles and applications (10th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.

Whether HSE is genuine or not in the evidence of difference in the Assignment

Whether HSE is genuine or not in the evidence of difference in the potential health hazard between workers at the two operations - Assignment Example Exposure to respiratory particles of crystalline silica is associated with several human diseases such as cancer and lung diseases. The disease risk is related to both the total dose and duration of silica exposure. Silicosis, a nodular pulmonary fibrosis, is the disease most associated with exposure to respirable crystalline silicavi. Studies have shown that exposure to crystalline silica can lead to physiological changes, disease and death. There is a reliable link between cumulative silica dust exposure and increased mortality from lung cancer. Calvert et al. found a relationship between crystalline silica exposure and rheumatoid arthritis. Meijer et al. showed significant association between exposure to concrete dust and a small lung infection. xii. There are a number of factors that influence the development of silicosis and these include size of particles, and concentration of silica particles in the air duration of exposurexiiixiv. RSAxv noted that chronic silicosis is mainly the result of long term exposure and that accelerated silicosis can develop after five to ten years of exposure. Morfeldxvi concluded that no other non-malignant health effect due to RCS is as specific and so clearly linked to RCS as silicosis. Research Questions 1. Is there any difference in the health of the workers in the two operations? 2. What associations exist, if any, between length of service and recorded health effect? These research questions will be answered through a hypothesis testing. As Dythamxvii noted, hypothesis testing is the cornerstone of scientific analysis. Tests are carried out to determine whether a stated hypothesis is correct. The hypothesis is rejected or accepted based on the P-values observed. Usually, the null hypothesis (the hypothesis that nothing is going on) is the one that is accepted or rejected based on the calculated probabilities. Most research will accept or reject a hypothesis at 95% level of confidence. Thus if the calculated p-values from a hypothesis test is less than 5% (or 0.05), we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. For this study, the alternative hypotheses for which the null hypotheses were tested were: H1: There is a difference in the health of workers in brick and tile operations. H2: There is a statistically significant association between length of service and recorded health effect. Study Methodology Primary data was collected from a sample of 65 workers randomly selected for blood testing, 38 from brick operations and 27 from tile operations. The study collected data on their identity, the sectors in which they worked, the length of service of each employee, their ages, and health. Following Dythamxviii, the first hypothesis was tested using independent samples t-test since the data was unpaired and the dependent variable was a continuous variable. Minitab 16 was used to perform a two-sample t-test to assess whether there were any differences in the health of workers in the two operations. The existence of association between length of service and recorded health effect was assessed using the Pearson’s product-moment correlation. Descriptive Results Descriptive results are presented and show the number of observations (N), mean, standard deviation, minimum values, first quartile (Q1), median, third quartile (Q3), maximum values, skewness and kurtosis. The normality tests are also shown together with the descriptive results. These are graphically presented for the three main variables of the study namely age (years), length of service (years), and % of damaged cells. Figure 1: Descriptive